Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Effects of non-ionizing radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on the development and behavior of early embryos of Danio rerio

ABSTRACT Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in the range of 900–1800 MHz emerging from the mobile phone were investigated and were found to influence the locomotor pattern when exposure was initiated from 1 hour post fertilization (hpf) in zebrafish embryos (ZE), Danio rerio. Mobile phones and other wireless devices offer tremendous advantages. However, on the flipside they are leading to an increased electromagnetic energy in the environment, an excess of which could be termed as electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we tried to understand the effects of RF-EMR emerging from the mobile phone, on the development and behavior of ZE, exposed to RF-EMR (specific absorption rate of 1.13 W/kg and 1800 MHz frequency) 1 hr daily, for 5 days. To understand if there could be any developmental stage-specific vulnerability to RF-EMR, the exposure was initiated at three different time points: 1hpf, 6hpf and 24hpf of ZE development. Observations revealed no significant changes in the survival rate, morphology, oxidative stress or cortisol levels. However, statistically significant variations were observed in the batch where exposure started at 1hpf, with respect to locomotion patterns (distance travelled: 659.1 ± 173.1 mm Vs 963.5 ± 200.4 mm), which could be correlated to anxiety-like behavior; along with a corresponding increase in yolk consumption (yolk sac area: 0.251 ± 0.019 mm2 Vs 0.225 ± 0.018 mm2). Therefore, we conclude that RF-EMR exposure influences the organism maximally during the earliest stage of development, and we also believe that an increase in the time of exposure (corresponding to the patterns of current usage of mobile phones) might reveal added afflictions.

Multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation induces anxiety in mice via inflammation in the cerebral cortex.

Modern life is filled with radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in various frequency bands, while the health risks are not clear. In this study, mice were whole-body exposed to 0.9/1.5/2.65GHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg for 2h per day for 4weeks to investigate the emotional effects. It was found that the mice showed anxiety but no severe depression. The ELISA results showed a significant decrease in amino acid neurotransmitters (GABA, DA, 5-HT), although acetylcholine (ACH) levels were not significantly altered. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that BDNF, TrkB, and CREB levels were increased in the cerebral cortex, while NF-κB levels were decreased. In addition, pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) were significantly elevated, and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) tended to decrease. In conclusion, multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation induces an inflammatory response through the CREB-BDNF-TrkB and NF-κB pathways in the cerebral cortex and causes a decrease in excitatory neurotransmitters, which ultimately causes anxiety in mice.

Panax ginseng Ameliorates Pituitary-Ovarian Dysfunction Induced by Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation from Cell Phones via Upregulation of the CREM Signaling Pathway.

Panax ginseng (PG) is a plant that contains ginsenosides, which are considered adaptogens that confer cellular protection. However, the impact of PG on pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and subsequent infertility is unknown. This study investigated the hypothesis that PG would attenuate pituitary-ovarian dysfunction associated with mobile phone's Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) in experimental rat models and the possible involvement of a cAMP Response Element Modulator (CREM)-dependent pathway. Twenty adult female Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, each consisting of five rats. The control group was administered a vehicle (distilled water) orally, while the P. ginseng group received 200 mg/kg of P. ginseng extract orally. The RF-EMR group was exposed to 900MHz radiation, and the RF-EMR + PG group was exposed to the same radiation while also being treated with 200 mg/kg of P. ginseng orally. These treatments were administered daily for a period of 56 days. The RF-EMR group exhibited significant reductions in serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone compared to the control group. Moreover, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly lower in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the expression of the CREM gene, accompanied by disrupted pituitary/ovarian morphology in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. However, the administration of PG mitigated these changes. The findings of this study indicate that P. ginseng extract shields against pituitary-ovarian impairment linked to RF-EMR exposure from cell phones by boosting antioxidant capacity and promoting the CREM-dependent pathway.

The effect of 6GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on rat pain perception

ABSTRACT This paper presents data on pain perception in rats exposed to 6 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 10, 4 replicates per test) and RF-EMR exposed group (n = 10, 4 replicates per test). Nociceptive responses of the groups were measured using rodent analgesiometry. Rats were divided into control and RF-EMR exposed groups. Nociceptive responses were measured using rodent analgesiometry. RF-EMR exposed rats had a 15% delay in responding to hot plate thermal stimulation compared to unexposed rats. The delay in responding to radiant heat thermal stimulation was 21%. We determined that RF-EMR promoted the occurrence of pressure pain as statistical significance by + 42% (p < 0.001). We observed that RF-EMR exposure increased nociceptive pain by + 35% by promoting cold plate stimulation (p < 0.05). RF-EMR exposure did not affect thermal preference as statistical significance but did support the formation of pressure pain perception.

The Distribution of Boars Spermatozoa in Morphometrically Distinct Subpopulations after In Vitro Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation at 2500 MHz and Their Motility.

Anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from wireless technologies has increased dramatically. The boar semen used for artificial insemination is essential in sustaining the pig industry, and additionally it is also exposed to the effects of the RF-EMR of wireless technologies. Furthermore, there are no data on the effects of RF-EMR on semen quality, and this is the first analysis of sperm's morphometric parameters for assessing the effect of RF-EMR on the spermatozoa subpopulations of boars. This study investigated the effect of RF-EMR on in vitro exposed breeding boar semen spermatozoa motility and the proportions of spermatozoa subpopulations according to their morphometric head and tail parameters. The semen samples of 12 boars were divided into control and experimental groups. The samples in the experimental group were exposed in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic chamber at a frequency of 2500 MHz (the frequency band used in 5G technology) and an electric field strength of 10 Vm-1 for two hours. After exposure, the spermatozoa motility was evaluated for both groups. A morphometric analysis of the semen smears was performed using SFORM software (Version 1.0; VAMS, Zagreb, Croatia). The progressive spermatozoa motility was significantly reduced in the experimental group (74.7% vs. 85.7%). PC analysis and cluster analysis revealed two spermatozoa subpopulations: S1, spermatozoa with a more regular head shape and a smaller midpiece outline, and S2, spermatozoa with a more elongated head shape and a larger midpiece outline. The experimental semen samples had a greater proportion of the S1 spermatozoa subpopulation (68.2% vs. 64.4%). The effect of RF-EMR at 2500 MHz on the in vitro exposed boar semen resulted in decreased progressive spermatozoa motility and a lower proportion of the spermatozoa subpopulation with a higher fertilizing potential.

Effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular immunity and the associated risk of testicular germ cell tumor

The emission of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from mobile phones has been implicated in causing inflammatory changes in the testis. Nevertheless, the direct association of these changes with the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) remains unclear. Therefore, we purposed to investigate the effect of RF-EMR exposure on inflammatory changes in the testis, cytokine gene expression levels, and the incidence of TGCT. Twenty male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to either the study or control groups. The study group was exposed to RF-EMR at 900 MHz, 26 V/m, and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.14 W/kg for 4 h/day over 8 weeks. Histopathological analysis, vitality analysis using Annexin V, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the analysis of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma (IFN-&amp;gamma;) cytokine gene expressions were performed on the testicular tissue. The median testis weight (163.0 g [133.0 &amp;ndash; 183.0] vs. 179.0 g [134.0 &amp;ndash; 195.0], P = 0.012) and volume (0.95 cm3 [0.800 &amp;ndash; 1.400] vs. 1.100 cm3 [1.050 &amp;ndash; 1.500], P = 0.031) of the study group were significantly lower compared to the control group. The seminiferous tubule damage (P &lt; 0.001) and interstitial edema (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the study group. The tunica albuginea thickness was significantly reduced in the study group (P &lt; 0.001). The fold changes in the expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-&amp;gamma; increased significantly in the study group. Our findings indicate that RF-EMR exposure causes structural, histopathological, and inflammatory toxic effects on the testis. The observed elevation in gene expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-&amp;gamma; cytokines following RF-EMR exposure suggests their potential role as regulators of TGCT initiation, thereby offering a viable potential therapeutic target in combination with current treatments. Nonetheless, future well-designed studies are necessary to validate our findings.

(304) Effects of Wireless Radiation Exposure on Genetic Variants in Human Sperm: A Preliminary Prospective Study

Abstract Introduction In the present era, the extensive use of modern cell phones has raised the health risks associated with the radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) they emit, which the human body can absorb. RF-EMR exposure can potentially harm the process of spermatogenesis by increasing oxidative stress, elevating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and triggering the formation of free radicals that leads to sperm DNA damage. Our previous research revealed decreased sperm motility and viability in semen samples exposed to RF-EMR through WiFi calling. Objective To investigate the effects of WiFi radiation on genetic variants in human sperm using current-generation smartphones. Methods Six healthy, normozoospermic men aged 25-35 provided semen samples for this study. A current generation smartphone was used in WiFi calling mode, specifically through Whatsapp voice call, to serve as the source of RF-EMR. The call duration was six hours. Semen samples were analyzed based on the 2010 WHO guidelines before and after the radiation exposure. The genomics facility at our university extracted DNA from semen samples of each participant before and after RF-EMR exposure to perform whole exome sequencing with alignment to the reference genome. After sequencing, we compared genetic variants for each participant before and after RF-EMR exposure. Results After six hours of exposure, a significant decrease in sperm progressive motility was observed (p&amp;lt;0.05). Following exposure, the median number of exonic, nonsynonymous variants absent before exposure increased to 4 (IQR 3). Across the four successfully sequenced samples, we found 20 new, exonic, nonsynonymous variants after RF-EMR exposure. Significantly, male reproductive tissues expressed 12 variants, five associated with ciliary function and two related to mitochondrial function (see Table 1). Gene Chromosome Variant Location Function SPDYE11 Chr7 A &amp;gt; C Spermatids • Acetylcholine receptor activity • Cell cycle regulation SPDYE17 Chr7 A &amp;gt; C Spermatids • Protein kinase activity • Cell cycle regulation PRB2 Chr12 T &amp;gt; G salivary gland • Cell cycle regulation GGT2 Chr22 G &amp;gt; A Spermatids • Cell cycle regulation RGPD3 Chr2 C &amp;gt; T Spermatids • Ciliary function EPPK1 Chr8 G &amp;gt; A Spermatids, spermatocytes • Epithelial structure GOLGA6L4 Chr15 G &amp;gt; A Spermatids, spermatocytes • Ciliary function TCP11X2 ChrX T &amp;gt; C Spermatids • Acrosome reaction • Cilia function • Spermatid development HRNR Chr1 A &amp;gt; G Mitochondria • Metal ion binding POUF1 Chr13 &amp;gt; GCC Mitochondria • Structure &amp; function of spermatozoa NPIPB13 Chr16 T &amp;gt; A Spermatids • Ciliary function • Sperm motility NBPF11 Chr1 A &amp;gt; C Spermatids, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells • Cell cycle regulation • Microtubule development ANKRD20A1 Chr9 T &amp;gt; A Spermatocytes • Ciliary function Table 1. Candidate genes with variants after six hours of phone radiation exposure Conclusions Based on our pilot study, we observed a decrease in sperm progressive motility and an increase in potentially related genetic variants associated with sperm motility following six hours of exposure to RF-EMR. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research to investigate the effects of RF-EMR exposure on semen parameters and to determine the clinical significance of these genetic variants. Disclosure No.

Cell phone radiation effect on osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase

Background: Electromagnetic fields are forces associated with moving electric charges and have electrical, magnetic components and contain electromagnetic energy, one of which is radio frequency (RF) energy which is commonly used in telecommunications. Cell phones are one of the RF electromagnetic radiation devices that can emit 90-2450 MHz waves and are often placed near the head. The human body works like an electromagnetic field in that each cell has its own electrical circuit characteristics. As the number of electromagnetic radiation devices in the environment increases, the electromagnetic balance in the human body may be disturbed by the magnetic waves produced by cell phones. Electromagnetic radiation is known to have the ability to induce oxidative stress, which is characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues. The accumulation of ROS in the body leads to osteoblast cell death. Osteoblasts are needed for mineralization of the extracellular matrix during bone growth. Therefore, bone growth is not optimal and can caused malocclusion. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between electromagnetic radiation and osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) serum levels. Methods: Experimental laboratory research with a pre- and post-control group design approach was carried out on 12 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain. Osteocalcin and BALP serum levels were calculated before and after treatment. This study used the t-test as a comparative study (p&lt;0.05). Results: There are significant differences in osteocalcin and BALP values between the treatment groups before and after treatment. Conclusion: Cell phone radiations (electromagnetic field exposure) reduce osteocalcin and BALP serum levels.

Detrimental impact of cell phone radiation on sperm DNA integrity.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various sources may impact health due to the generation of frequency bands. Broad pulses emitted within frequency bands can be absorbed by cells, influencing their function. Numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that mobile phones-generally the most widely used devices-can have harmful effects on sex cells, such as sperm and oocytes, by producing RF-EMR. Moreover, some research has indicated that RF-EMR generated by mobile phones can influence sperm parameters, including motility, morphology, viability, and (most critically) DNA structure. Consequently, RF-EMR can disrupt both sperm function and fertilization. However, other studies have reported that exposure of spermatozoa to RF-EMR does not affect the functional parameters or genetic structure of sperm. These conflicting results likely stem from differences among studies in the duration and exposure distance, as well as the species of animal used. This report was undertaken to review the existing research discussing the effects of RF-EMR on the DNA integrity of mammalian spermatozoa.

Giant Stark effect assisted radio frequency energy harvesting using atomically thin earth-abundant iron sulphide (FeS2)

2D FeS2 has the potential to convert ambient radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation signals into usable energy, which can be utilized to power portable and wearable electronic devices.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Interspecific differences in the behavioral response of ticks exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation.

Artificial electromagnetic radiation is a new environmental factor that affects animals. Experiments with the effect of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation were focused on both vertebrates and invertebrates. Ticks showed a significant affinity to radiation. Our study is a continuation of this research and its aim was to monitor the effect of radiation on the behavior of four tick species: Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus, Dermacentor marginatus and Haemaphysalis inermis. In total 1,200 ticks, 300 of each species, were tested in modules allowing the choice of an exposed or shielded area. During the test, the ticks were exposed to electro-magnetic radiation of 900MHz for 24h. The position of the individuals was recorded and we evaluated the obtained data statistically. We observed a significant preference to the exposed area in both sexes of I. ricinus. Males of D. reticulatus and D. marginatus also showed an affinity to radiation, but not females of both species, nor females and males of H. inermis. The results of the study support the assumption that ticks perceive the electromagnetic field and the observed differences in their response have the potential to help understand the mechanism of perception.

Panax ginseng supplementation protects against testicular damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone

Panax ginseng supplementation protects against testicular damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone

The relationship between electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones and male infertility – a review of the literature

Introduction: In recent years, there have been more and more concerns about whether wearing mobile phones near the reproductive organs, including the testicles, may cause significant health consequences, such as sperm dysfunction, decreased semen production, impaired testicular morphology, and thus become the cause of male infertility. Determining the relationship between the electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones and infertility in men may in the future reduce the male factor in the problem of infertility of couples and thus improve the quality of life.&#x0D; Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to attempt to assess the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phones on male reproductive organs in the context of male fertility disorders.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The work was created based on the PubMed database. Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: mobile phone, testes, male infertility, electromagnetic radiation.&#x0D; Description of the state of knowledge: Changes in semen parameters, including reduced motility and changes in sperm morphology, have been reported in animal studies. Features of damage to living cells under the influence of oxidative stress generated by GSM radiation were also observed. Similar phenomena have been reported in vitro in human semen samples and in clinical trials in men.&#x0D; Summary: There are not enough studies providing strong evidence for the direct negative effect of mobile phones on male fertility. It is necessary to conduct more research in order to eliminate other factors that could potentially change the results of the analyses, as well as to standardize the test methods and the test variables.

Detrimental effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on morphokinetics, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mouse preimplantation embryos

Due to the increasing use of smart mobile phones, the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on reproductive health has become a serious concern. This study investigated the effect of mobile phone RF-EMR with frequency 900–1800 MHZ on the mouse embryo morphokinetics and genotoxic effect in laboratory conditions. After ovarian stimulation in mice, the MII oocytes were collected and underwent by in vitro fertilization (IVF) method. The generated zygotes were divided into control and exposed groups. Then, the zygotes with 30 min of exposure to mobile phone RF-EMR, and the control zygotes without exposure, were incubated in the time-lapse for 5 days. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, morphokinetic, embryo viability rate, and Gene expression were evaluated. Exposure of zygotes to RF-EMR by inducing ROS caused a significant decrease in blastocyst viability (87.85 ± 2.86 versus 94.23 ± 2.44), delay in cleavage development (t3-t12) and also increased the time (in hours) to reach the blastocyst stage (97.44 ± 5.21 versus 92.56 ± 6.7) compared to the control group. A significant increase observed in mRNA levels of Hsp70 in exposed animals; while Sod gene expression showed a significant down-regulation in this group compared to the controls, respectively. However, there was no significant change in the transcript level of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in embryos of the exposed group compared to the controls. RF-EMR emitted by mobile phone with a frequency of 900–1800 MHZ, through inducing the production of ROS and oxidative stress, could negatively affect the growth and development as well as the transcript levels of oxidative stress associated genes in the preimplantation embryos of mice.

Effect of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on oxidative stress and feeding behaviour in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats

Objectives: Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from mobile phones is known to produce a stress response because of its effect on hypothalamus. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives with increasing usage not only in terms of number of users but also increase in talk time. The present study aimed to study the effect of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on oxidative stress and feeding behaviour assessment in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods: Twelve male SD rats of 10–12 weeks old, weighing 180–220 g, were housed and allowed to acclimatise in a room with 12:12 h light-dark cycle with ad libitum amount of food and reverse osmosis (RO) water before the start of the study. Then, rats were divided into control and RF-EMR exposed groups, and everyday feed intake and body weight were measured. At the end of the study period, blood sample was collected through retro orbital puncture for biochemical investigations. Results: The present study showed significant increase in malondialdehyde and serum corticosterone levels and decrease feeding behaviour in rats exposed to RF-EMR in rats exposed to RF-EMR. Conclusion: This study proves that mobile RF-EMR causes oxidative stress and oxidative damage leading to decreased feeding behaviour in SD rats.

(180) Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Emittted by Smartphones on Sperm Quality: An in Vitro Study

Abstract Introduction In modern times, the widespread use of mobile phones is a notable source of radiofrequency–electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) with a potential impact on human health. The advancements in technologies such as Bluetooth earphones have increased the time the cell phone resides inside the pant pockets of men, in close contact with their testicles. As a result, it makes the testicles more prone to RF-EMR exposure for longer. Recent literature has shown that such long exposure is likely to cause damage to the sperm quality and functioning in several ways, including the increase in local body temperature, high oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, and free radical formation (1,2). However, the causing effect of modern cell phones and wireless communication networks (4G and 5G) on sperm quality has not been explored. Objective The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of cell phone radiations emitted through communication technologies - 4G, 5G and WIFI on sperm motility and viability using an in-vitro approach and further try to shed light if physical barriers or distance ease these effects. Methods Normozoospermic men (n=18) aged 25-35 were recruited whose samples after semen analysis were divided into three parts i) in close contact with sample without cover ii) mobile phone covered with physical barrier, and iii) phone kept at distance from the samples. Standard semen analysis was carried according to WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th ed. Voice calls over the internet were made using 4G, 5G, or WIFI and using these, RF-EMF exposure was given for six hours which was measured by RF-EMR detection meter. In addition, to check for the heating effect, samples were kept inside the incubator at 37°C for samples exposed to WIFI effects. Continuous variables were presented as medians and interquartile ranges [25th - 75th], and comparison between groups was performed using the U Mann Whitney test. SPSS v.28 was used for statistical analysis. Results A decrease in both parameters under study was evident with WIFI (Motility (50% vs. 38%, p = 0.024; viability 60% vs 47%, p = 0.003), while no decrease was noted with 4G or 5G RF-EMR. Samples connected with WIFI were warmer but samples inside the incubator, when observed had decreased progressive motility (40% vs 24%, p= 0.04). On the other hand, the effect of RF-EMR by WIFI on smartphone was mitigated both for sperm motility and viability (p = 0.01, p = 0.01), n = 18) with the use of a case and on increasing the distance of the contact respectively. Conclusions The result from the study suggests that the radiation emitted by WIFI do have an adverse impact on the motility and viability of sperm. It seems plausible that the effect maybe a result of excess heat generation which was most evident with mobile phones connected to WIFI. However, further studies utilizing different phones and different time periods of exposure are warranted to effectively conclude the findings Disclosure No

Electromagnetic Radiation Effects on MgO-Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions: A Review.

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) have been widely utilized in sensitive sensors, magnetic memory, and logic gates due to their tunneling magnetoresistance. Moreover, these MTJ devices have promising potential for renewable energy generation and storage. Compared with Si-based devices, MTJs are more tolerant to electromagnetic radiation. In this review, we summarize the functionalities of MgO-based MTJ devices under different electromagnetic irradiation environments, with a focus on gamma-ray radiation. We explore the effects of these radiation exposures on the MgO tunnel barriers, magnetic layers, and interfaces to understand the origin of their tolerance. This review enhances our knowledge of the radiation tolerance of MgO-based MTJs, improves the design of these MgO-based MTJ devices with better tolerances, and provides information to minimize the risks of irradiation under various irradiation environments. This review starts with an introduction to MTJs and irradiation backgrounds, followed by the fundamental properties of MTJ materials, such as the MgO barrier and magnetic layers. Then, we review and discuss the MTJ materials and devices' radiation tolerances under different irradiation environments, including high-energy cosmic radiation, gamma-ray radiation, and lower-energy electromagnetic radiation (X-ray, UV-vis, infrared, microwave, and radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation). In conclusion, we summarize the radiation effects based on the published literature, which might benefit material design and protection.

Teratogenic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on the embryonic development of chick: A study on morphology and hatchability

The present study was aimed at studying the effects of RF-EMR in causing teratogenic changes in the embryonic development of organisms using chick embryo as a model. The fertilized eggs of the hen were incubated in a digital humidified incubator and exposed to RF-EMR from 2G and 4G mobile phones by ringing at regular time intervals. The dose of RF-EMR was varied by increasing the call duration and number of calls per day, with the lower dose being a call duration of 50 min/day and the higher dose being 90 min/day. The phone kept had a range of radiofrequency between 900 and 1800 MHz and SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) 1.355 (2G) and 1.12 (4G) watts/ kg respectively. The batch of eggs incubated without any exposure to RF-EMR was taken as control. The hatchability of 2G and 4G experimental groups were respectively, 65% and 75% at lower radiation exposure and 40% and 55% at higher radiation exposure. The teratogenic effects of RF-EMR on the morphology of chick embryos manifested as the cross beak, non-retracted yolk sac, macrocephaly, malformed legs and toes, disability in standing and balancing the body and variations in body weight, body length and beak length. The results indicate that the RF-EMR poses potential threats to the developing stages of organisms.

Myrtenal improves memory deficits in mice exposed to radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation during gestational and neonatal development via enhancing oxido-inflammatory, and neurotransmitter functions

ObjectiveRadiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) exposure during gestational and neonatal development may interact with the foetus and neonate considered hypersensitive to RF-EMR, consequently resulting in developmental defects associated with neuropsychological and neurobehavioral disorders, including learning and memory impairment. This study assessed the potential of Myrtenal (Myrt) to improve memory deficits in C57BL/6 mice exposed to RF-EMR during gestational and neonatal development. MethodThirty-five male mice were randomly allocated into 5 cohorts, each comprising of 7 mice. Group I was administered vehicle, Group II: RF-EMR (900 MHz); Group III: RF-EMR (900 MHz) + 100 mg/kg Myrt; Group IV: RF-EMR (900 MHz) + 200 mg/kg Myrt; and Group V: RF-EMR (900 MHz) + donepezil 0.5 mg/kg. ResultsMyrt treatment improved short-term memory performance in RF-EMR (900 MHz)-exposed mice by augmenting activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines, thereby protecting the brain from oxido-inflammatory stress. Additionally, Myrt restored the homeostasis of neurotransmitters in RF-EMR-exposed animals. ConclusionResults from the present study shows that exposure to RF-EMR impaired short-term memory in animals and altered the response of markers of oxido-inflammatory stress, and neurotransmitters. It is therefore conceivable that the recommendation of Myrt-enriched fruits may offer protective benefits for foeti and neonates prone to RF-EMR exposure.